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TOC

Introduction
Fundamentals of Protection Practice
Fundamental Theory
Fault Calculations
Equivalent Circuits and Parameters of Power System Plant
Current and Voltage Transformers
Relay Technology
Protection: Signalling and Intertripping
Overcurrent Protection for Phase and Earth Faults
Unit Protection of Feeders
Distance Protection
Distance Protection Schemes
Protection of Complex Transmission Circuits
Auto-Reclosing
Busbar Protection
Transformer and Transformer-Feeder Protection
Generator and Generator-Transformer Protection
Industrial and Commercial Power System Protection
A.C. Motor Protection
Protection of A.C. Electrified Railways
Relay Testing and Commissioning
Power System Measurements
Power Quality
Substation Control and Automation
Distribution System Automation
Appendix 1 Terminology
Appendix 2 ANSI/IEC Relay Symbols
Appendix 3 Application Tables

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Content

Why learning Assembler

Short and easy
Fast and quick
Assembler is easy to learn
AT90Sxxxx are ideal for learning assembler
Test it

Hardware for AVRAssemblerProgramming

The ISP Interface of the AVR processor family
Programmer for the PC Parallel Port
Experimental board with a AT90S2313
Readytouse
commercial programming boards for the AVR family

Tools for AVR assembly programing

The editor
The assembler
Programming the chips
Simulation in the studio

Register

What is a register?
Different registers
Pointerregister
Recommendation for the use of registers

Ports

What is a Port?
Details of relevant ports in the AVR
The status register as the most used port
Port details
SRAM
Using SRAM in AVR assembler language
What is SRAM?
For what purposes can I use SRAM?
How to use SR15
Use of SRAM as stack
Defining SRAM as stack
Use of the stac
Bugs with the stack operation

Jumping and Branching

Controlling sequential execution of the program
What happens during a reset?
Linear program execution and branches
Timing during program execution
Macros and program execution
Subroutines
Interrupts and program execution

Calculations

Number systems in assembler
Positive whole numbers (bytes, words, etc.)
Signed numbers (integers)
Binary Coded Digits, BCD
Packed BCDs
Numbers in ASCII format
Bit manipulations
Shift and rotate
Adding, subtracting and comparing
Format conversion for numbers
Multiplication
Decimal multiplication
Binary multiplication
AVRAssembler
program
Binary rotation
Multiplication in the studio
Division
Decimal division
Binary division
Program steps during division
Division in the simulator
Number conversion
Decimal Fractions
Linear conve
Example 1: 8 bit AD converter
with fixed decimal output
Example 2: 10 bit AD converter
with fixed decimal output

Annex

Commands sorted by function
Command list in alphabetic order
Assembler directives
Commands
Port details
Status Register,
Accumulator flags
Stackpointer
SRAM and External Interrupt control
External Interrupt Control
Timer Interrupt Control
Timer/Counter 0
Timer/Counter 1
Watchdog Timer
EEPROM
Serial Peripheral Interface SPI
UART
Analog Comparator
I/O Ports
Ports, alphabetic order
List of abbreviation

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